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There are three types of influenza virus: Types A, B, and C. The influenza A and B viruses are the ones most associated with serious human infections,while the Type C cases are clinically much milder. The main antigenic determinants of influenza A and B viruses are the hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) transmembrane glycoproteins. Based on the antigenicity of these glycoproteins, influenza A viruses are further subdivided into sixteen "H" (H1-H16) and nine "N" (N1-N9) subtypes.The influenza A virus genome consists of eight separate RNA segments that encode the proteins (i.e., PB1, PB2, PA, HA, NA, NP, M1, M2, NS1, and NS2) essential for host infection, viral genome replication, and virus particle packaging.